TECHNOLOGY

What Is Silver Glass Die Attach in Semiconductors?

Published

5 months ago

March 10, 2025

Ainee

What Is Silver Glass Die Attach in Semiconductors?

What is silver glass die attach semiconductors? In the world of semiconductor manufacturing, one of the critical processes involved in assembling chips is die attachment. This process connects the silicon die (or chip) to a substrate or leadframe, creating the electrical and mechanical foundation for the component’s functionality. One popular and highly effective method for die attachment is silver glass die attach. But what exactly is silver glass die attach, and why is it becoming an increasingly preferred method in the semiconductor industry?

In this article, we’ll explore what silver glass die attach is, how it works, its benefits, and its applications in semiconductor manufacturing.

What Is Silver Glass Die Attach?

Silver glass die attach refers to a bonding process used in semiconductor packaging where a silver-based glass is used to attach the semiconductor die to a substrate. The silver glass serves as the bonding material, creating a strong, reliable connection between the die and the substrate while ensuring excellent heat dissipation properties.

The bonding material, often a mixture of silver (Ag) and glass, acts as both an adhesive and a heat conductor. When the silver glass is heated to a specific temperature, it forms a strong bond that allows for the efficient transfer of heat from the semiconductor die to the substrate, helping to prevent overheating—one of the biggest challenges in semiconductor operations.

Key Components of Silver Glass Die Attach

Silver (Ag): The silver component in the die attach material enhances the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the bond. Silver is an excellent conductor, which helps in efficient heat management, a critical feature for semiconductor devices.
Glass: The glass component acts as a binder or adhesive that holds the silver particles in place and provides structural integrity to the die attach. When heated, it softens and forms a solid bond, which is durable even under extreme conditions.

This combination of materials—silver and glass—makes silver glass die attach an ideal choice for high-performance semiconductor devices.

The Process of Silver Glass Die Attach

Silver glass die attach typically involves a series of carefully controlled steps to ensure the die is securely attached to the substrate while maintaining optimal thermal performance.

Step 1: Preparation of Substrate and Die

Before applying the silver glass paste, both the semiconductor die and the substrate (such as a leadframe or ceramic package) are cleaned to remove any contaminants, oxidation, or particles. This ensures that the bonding process proceeds smoothly and results in a reliable attachment.

Step 2: Application of Silver Glass Paste

A thin layer of silver glass paste is applied to the substrate or leadframe. This paste is usually screen-printed or dispensed precisely onto the bonding area, ensuring uniform coverage.

Step 3: Alignment of Die

Once the silver glass paste is applied, the semiconductor die is carefully aligned and placed onto the substrate. Precision is crucial during this step to ensure the die is placed correctly for optimal electrical connections.

Step 4: Curing Process

The assembly, consisting of the die and substrate with the silver glass paste, is heated to a specific temperature in a controlled environment. This heat causes the silver particles to bond with the substrate, while the glass portion softens and forms a robust adhesive layer that solidifies when cooled. This creates a strong, durable attachment between the semiconductor die and the substrate.

Step 5: Final Inspection and Testing

After the curing process is complete, the assembled semiconductor component undergoes quality control checks to verify the strength of the die attachment. Electrical tests are also performed to ensure that the bonding process has not affected the functionality of the chip.

Benefits of Silver Glass Die Attach

Silver glass die attach offers several key advantages that make it a popular choice for semiconductor manufacturers:

1. Excellent Thermal Conductivity

One of the most significant benefits of silver glass die attach is its excellent thermal conductivity. Silver has an inherently high thermal conductivity, which means it can efficiently transfer heat from the semiconductor die to the substrate. This is crucial in preventing overheating in high-performance semiconductor devices.

By maintaining optimal temperature levels, silver glass die attach helps enhance the reliability and lifespan of semiconductor components, especially in power devices or those used in high-temperature environments.

2. Enhanced Mechanical Strength

The silver glass paste forms a strong bond between the die and the substrate, providing mechanical stability and reducing the risk of delamination or separation during the life of the device. What is silver glass die attach semiconductors? This bond is crucial for the long-term durability of the semiconductor, as it ensures that the die stays securely in place despite mechanical stresses such as thermal cycling, vibration, and shock.

3. Improved Electrical Performance

Silver is a highly conductive material, and its presence in the die attach layer helps ensure minimal electrical resistance between the die and the substrate. This contributes to better overall electrical performance, which is particularly important in applications that require fast and efficient signal transmission.

4. Low Cost Compared to Other Attach Methods

Compared to other die attach methods, such as gold or solder-based attachment, silver glass die attach can be more cost-effective. The use of silver in the bonding process offers a good balance between performance and cost, making it an attractive choice for semiconductor manufacturers aiming to keep production costs in check without compromising quality.

5. Versatility and Applicability

Silver glass die attach can be used in a wide range of semiconductor applications, from consumer electronics to automotive components and power devices. Its adaptability to different substrates and ease of use in large-scale production make it an attractive option for a variety of industries.

Applications of Silver Glass Die Attach

Silver glass die attach is employed in numerous semiconductor applications, particularly where high thermal performance, electrical conductivity, and reliability are paramount. Some key areas where silver glass die attach is commonly used include:

1. Power Semiconductor Devices

Power semiconductors, such as power transistors and diodes, are designed to handle high currents and voltages. These devices generate a significant amount of heat during operation, which must be efficiently dissipated to prevent damage. Silver glass die attach is commonly used in these power devices due to its ability to conduct heat away from the die and ensure stable operation.

2. Automotive Electronics

Automotive electronics, including power control modules, sensors, and engine control units (ECUs), require robust and heat-resistant semiconductor components. Silver glass die attach is used in these applications to provide both mechanical and thermal stability, ensuring reliable operation even under extreme temperature conditions typical in automotive environments.

3. LED Technology

In the lighting industry, particularly in LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, heat management is critical to ensuring that the LEDs perform efficiently and have a long lifespan. Silver glass die attach helps in dissipating the heat generated by high-power LEDs, contributing to better performance and longevity.

4. Consumer Electronics

From smartphones to laptops, consumer electronics depend heavily on semiconductor devices for their functionality. The use of silver glass die attach in these applications helps ensure that the electronic components can withstand daily use, thermal cycling, and the stresses of modern consumer devices, where performance and reliability are crucial.

5. Telecommunications and High-Frequency Devices

Telecommunications devices, such as RF (radio frequency) components and power amplifiers, require efficient thermal management to maintain signal integrity and minimize power loss. Silver glass die attach’s excellent heat dissipation properties make it an ideal solution for such high-frequency, high-performance applications.

Challenges and Limitations of Silver Glass Die Attach

Despite its numerous benefits, silver glass die attach is not without its challenges. Some limitations of this technology include:

1. Processing Temperature Sensitivity

While silver glass die attach can withstand high temperatures during operation, the process of applying the silver glass paste requires careful control of the curing temperature. What is silver glass die attach semiconductors? If the temperature is not adequately controlled, it can affect the integrity of the bond and the overall quality of the attachment.

2. Material Compatibility

The use of silver-based glass as an attach material may not be suitable for all substrates. Compatibility between the die, the silver glass, and the substrate needs to be considered to ensure the bond’s longevity and performance.

3. Potential for Silver Migration

Over time, silver migration can occur, particularly in high-temperature environments. Silver particles can move away from the bonding site, potentially leading to reduced bonding strength and electrical issues. To mitigate this, silver glass die attach materials need to be carefully formulated and applied.

Conclusion

Silver glass die attach is a vital technology in the world of semiconductor manufacturing, providing excellent thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and electrical performance. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of high-performance semiconductor devices, particularly in industries such as automotive, consumer electronics, and power devices.

While silver glass die attach offers many advantages, including cost-effectiveness and versatility, careful attention must be paid to the process parameters and material compatibility to ensure optimal performance. As technology continues to advance and the demand for efficient, high-performance semiconductor devices increases, silver glass die attach will likely remain a key player in the semiconductor packaging industry.

TECHNOLOGY

Redefining Independence: How Innovative Advances Are Shaping Modern Wheelchair Design and Functionality

Published

4 days ago

July 22, 2025

Ainee

How Innovative Advances Are Shaping Modern Wheelchair Design and Functionality

The Changing World of Wheelchair Design

Over the last several decades, wheelchair design has made significant strides forward thanks to innovative advancements, community feedback, and advancements in engineering. Traditional wheelchairs once prioritized function over comfort or appearance, limiting choices for individuals with unique needs or style preferences. Today, people shopping for wheelchairs for sale can access a diverse range of options that focus simultaneously on efficiency, user individuality, and adaptability. From power-driven models with intelligent navigation to ultralight manual chairs tailored for rapid movement, users now enjoy a level of personalization once considered out of reach.

Improved wheelchair design offers enhanced maneuverability, custom sizing, and a range of mobility solutions, enhancing independence for users. This has transformed the interactions of wheelchair users in various environments, leading to a higher quality of life. Studies show increased satisfaction, improved mental health, and a stronger sense of self with the use of a suitable mobility device.

User-Centered Innovation and Customization

Modern wheelchair development focuses on user-centered innovation, addressing the unique needs of different users across all age groups and activity levels. This approach enables wheelchairs to accommodate variations in height, weight, and strength, as well as support medical needs such as posture control or neurological conditions. Features like contoured and ventilated backrests, dynamic suspension systems, and modular arm and leg supports provide unparalleled adaptability. Many models offer customizable elements, such as tactile-responsive joysticks for limited dexterity or drive controls tailored for people with quadriplegia or young children. Users can also select from a variety of finishes, accessories, and frame colors, making the chair a reflection of their style and identity. This approach normalizes assistive devices, empowering them to enhance individual comfort, improve health outcomes, and reduce daily discomfort, while also boosting confidence and community participation.

Emerging Materials and Lightweight Solutions

The use of advanced materials such as titanium, carbon fiber, and aerospace-grade aluminum has completely reshaped expectations for wheelchair weight, portability, and strength. Gone are the days when chairs were too heavy for frequent travel or difficult to push over distances. Innovations in structure and composition now yield frames that are both feather-light and exceptionally durable, creating opportunities for users to move freely with reduced fatigue and a lower risk of repetitive strain injuries. According to reports covering accessibility technology breakthroughs, many new wheelchair models are up to 30% lighter than those from just ten years ago.

This weight reduction is especially impactful for active individuals, children, and anyone who needs to lift, transport, or store their chair regularly throughout the week. Detachable wheels, collapsible designs, and even magnetic locks are easy-to-use features for busy or on-the-go users. Whether it’s fitting a chair into a compact car trunk, taking it along on a flight, or navigating rough outdoor trails, these engineering improvements create a more accessible world. The focus on lighter yet sturdier materials demonstrates how modern design is all about removing limitations and encouraging people to do more of what they love.

The Rise of Smart Technology in Mobility

Technology is at the forefront of mobility innovations in the 21st century. The integration of smart features into power wheelchairs, such as obstacle detection, touchscreen controls, app-based customization, and voice-activated functions, has redefined independence for countless users. Some smart wheelchairs feature sensors that automatically adjust seating to prevent pressure injuries, while others offer GPS tracking and route optimization for enhanced safety and convenience. This combination of advanced sensors and interactive interfaces transforms the user experience, allowing for real-time adjustments and more efficient movement within diverse environments.

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TECHNOLOGY

John Waltz: Crypto’s Bluegrass Visionary in Kentucky

Published

1 week ago

July 16, 2025

Ainee

John Waltz Long before the mainstream embraced Bitcoin, Waltz was speaking at local blockchain meetups in Paducah, Kentucky. He co-organized Tech on Tap – Blockchain events, fostering a grassroots network of crypto enthusiasts, developers, and small-business owners exploring the potential of smart contracts and Ethereum applications These gatherings paired educational workshops with hands-on sessions—equipping participants to build decentralized applications and understand cryptoeconomics.

Kentucky’s own Bluegrass Blockchain initiative appointed Waltz to their advisory group in 2021, recognizing his expertise in policy development, crypto security, and regulatory frameworks He emphasized a balanced vision: one that encouraged innovation without ignoring compliance—especially regarding anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) protocols.

Academic Foundations and Technical Expertise

Educated in philosophy at the University of Kentucky, Waltz combined his critical analysis skills with technical insight. He later contributed to Ethereum hackathons like ETHSanFrancisco, where his team won an award for a blockchain balloting bot He also became a respected member of the Grin project—an early-stage privacy coin focused on enhanced fungibility. His work there emphasized encryption, privacy preservation, and open-source collaboration

By 2020, Waltz had transitioned into a career as a full‑time crypto investor and developer in Silicon Valley. He played growing roles in security audits, smart‑contract reviews, and risk assessments for crypto startups—a profile that earned him credibility both locally and in national fintech circles.

Kentucky’s Crypto Scene Before the Waltz Scandal

Before John Waltz rose to prominence, Kentucky’s crypto scene was still in its infancy. The concept of digital assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum hadn’t fully penetrated the local economy. Waltz played a key role in shifting that narrative, hosting educational events and speaking at tech workshops across the state. His involvement in initiatives like Bluegrass Blockchain helped foster a forward-thinking environment for innovation.

The Psychology Behind High-Stakes Crypto Entrepreneurs

John Waltz fit the profile of a high-risk, high-reward crypto entrepreneur—someone constantly pushing the boundaries in a fast-paced, largely unregulated digital world. But according to some observers, the rapid wealth and success he achieved through crypto investing may have led to impaired judgment. Lavish condos, private jets, and a seemingly limitless stream of capital created an environment where ethical boundaries blurred.

Controversy in the Big Apple

In May 2025, Waltz’s reputation took a sharp and unexpected turn. He was arrested in Manhattan and accused of masterminding the kidnapping and torture of an Italian businessman—identifying as Michael Valentino Teofrasto Carturan—to access his Bitcoin password The allegations are staggering: prosecutors say Carturan was held captive for roughly 17 days in a luxury Nolita townhouse, where he endured electric shocks, pistol-whipping, and even a chainsaw threat during an alleged torture plot

Dubbed the “Crypto King of Kentucky” by tabloids, Waltz’s lifestyle of high-end Manhattan real estate, private jets, luxury parties, and exclusivity raised eyebrows among both crypto skeptics and advocates . Reports suggest he and an accomplice, William Duplessie, used exploitative privacy coin tech to lure and control Carturan before law enforcement intervened.

Alleged Kentucky Estate with Underground Tunnels

Back in Kentucky, FBI and ATF agents executed a raid on Waltz’s 6‑bedroom mansion in Smithland—a $1 million cash purchase through a Wyoming LLC The estate reportedly featured an outdoor pool, tennis court, and rumored subterranean tunnels—sparking public suspicion that Waltz planned it as a clandestine venue or retreat, possibly tied to his crypto investment interests

Witnesses recall unusual vehicle traffic and discreet construction work before the raid . While concrete evidence from the Kentucky operation is still emerging, its connection to the New York allegations remains under scrutiny.The Legal Storm Unfolds

Can Trust Be Rebuilt in Kentucky’s

The fallout from the Waltz case has cast a shadow over Kentucky’s previously promising blockchain ecosystem. Once considered a potential rural tech hub, the state now faces renewed skepticism. H.

Waltz faces multiple serious charges: first-degree kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment, second-degree assault, and criminal weapons possession Held without bail at Rikers Island, he and Duplessie plead not guilty, citing their attorneys as they await trial

Carturan’s dramatic escape—running barefoot to summon help from a traffic officer—sparked a national media frenzy His flight under the steely gaze of NYPD Major Case Squad galvanized intense scrutiny of high-stakes crypto crimes, along with broader concerns about regulatory loopholes in digital asset ecosystems.

Fallout and Broader Implications

The scandal prompted harsher calls for federal oversight of digital assets. Kentucky legislators are now reevaluating its Bluegrass Blockchain projects, weighing benefits of crypto mining and job creation against deliberate malfeasance Meanwhile, the episode has put decentralized finance (DeFi) under the microscope—highlighting issues of smart contract vulnerabilities, private key security, and potential misuse of privacy coins for illicit gain.

Universities, including Waltz’s alma mater, are seeing renewed interest in cryptography research, ethics in tech, and digital forensics.

FAQs

1. Who is John Waltz and why was he in the news?
John Waltz is a developer, entrepreneur, and former member of Kentucky’s blockchain advisory board.

2. What role did his Kentucky mansion play in the case?
The Smithland estate, reportedly with underground tunnels and luxurious amenities, was raided by federal law enforcement. Authorities suspect it may have been used to conceal illegal activity, though no direct evidence has yet surfaced linking the mansion to acts committed in New York.

3. Are charges limited to New York incidents?
Currently, formal charges against Waltz are tied to the Manhattan kidnapping and assault accusations. However, federal and state investigations in Kentucky may lead to additional charges depending on what’s uncovered at his property.

4. How has this affected crypto sentiment in Kentucky?
The saga has triggered increased regulatory scrutiny in the state. Projects like Bluegrass Blockchain are being reexamined, and lawmakers are debating stronger oversight mechanisms to ensure consumer protection in the crypto and blockchain sectors.

5. What can the public learn from this scandal?
Key takeaways include the importance of private key security, the potential dangers of privacy coin anonymity, and the need for robust KYC/AML standards in DeFi projects. Advocates argue for balanced regulation to promote innovation while preventing criminal misuse.

Conclusion

John Waltz’s journey—from local blockchain champion to a central figure in a high-profile criminal case—has thrust Kentucky’s crypto reputation into national headlines. His advocacy for decentralized systems, smart‑contract innovation, and fintech education now contrasts starkly with allegations of violent wrongdoing.

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TECHNOLOGY

Inserting a SIM Card into Your Lenovo Flex 5: A Quick Guide

Published

2 weeks ago

July 14, 2025

Ainee

Inserting a SIM Card into Your Lenovo Flex 5 to mobile broadband via a cellular modem, this guide will walk you through the simple process of inserting a SIM card into your laptop. By enabling LTE connectivity or even 5G (if supported), you can stay online wherever you go—no Wi‑Fi required. Let’s get started with setting up your device’s SIM tray so you can enjoy fast, on‑the‑go access.

Why Mobile Broadband Matters for Your Flex 5

Many modern laptops come with the capability to use a SIM card for direct internet access. The Lenovo Flex 5, when equipped with a WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network) module, transforms into a hotspot-ready machine that lets you avoid relying on public Wi‑Fi. Whether you’re running Windows 10 or Windows 11, setting up cellular connectivity ensures your device remains online securely, whether in a café, at a park, or traveling abroad.

Understanding Your Lenovo Flex 5’s SIM Tray

Before we go further, it helps to know what components we’re dealing with. The internal SIM tray is a tiny slot located on the side of the laptop—usually near the USB‑C or headphone jack. Inside, you’ll often find a micro‑SIM or nano‑SIM format, depending on the WWAN card. Lenovo’s documentation also refers to the cellular expansion as the “WWAN slot,” backed by hardware like the Qualcomm Snapdragon X55 modem to support LTE or 5G.

Preparing to Insert the SIM Card

Power Down Your Device

First, shut down your Lenovo Flex 5 completely using the Start menu. This ensures you don’t risk damaging the SIM reader or losing connection configurations stored in the operating system.

Gather Tools

You’ll need either the SIM‑eject tool that shipped with your package or a small paperclip. These help gently eject the SIM tray without scratching the chassis.

Check SIM Form Factor

Ensure the SIM card from your carrier is the right size (nano or micro). If not, a SIM adapter can convert nano to micro. Also, verify that your plan includes a data-only SIM suitable for laptops—smartphone SIMs may not provide consistent performance.

Inserting the SIM Card into the Lenovo Flex 5

Locate the SIM slot – Usually found on the right side of the Lenovo Flex 5 behind a small plate marked with a SIM icon.
Insert the eject tool – Apply gentle pressure until the tray pops out.
Load the SIM card – Place the card into the tray with the gold contacts facing down. Ensure it fits flush and clicks gently into place.
Reinsert the tray – Slide it fully back into the slot until you hear a soft click.

This physical setup readies your device for the next step: software configuration.

Configuring Cellular Settings in Windows

Now that your SIM is in place, it’s time to get connected.

Open Network & Internet Settings
Go to Settings → Network & Internet → Cellular. Windows should detect the SIM card and list available mobile networks.

Activate Mobile Data
Click on the detected cellular plan and toggle “Connect automatically.” Within moments, your Flex 5 should show an LTE or 5G icon in the system tray, indicating a successful connection.

Adjust APN and Band Preferences
Under advanced options, you can select bands or update the APN (Access Point Name) based on your carrier—useful if you imported a SIM from another country.

Optimizing Mobile Broadband Performance

Once online, making sure everything runs smoothly depends on a few tweaks:

Update Cellular Drivers
Check Lenovo Vantage or Device Manager for updates to your WWAN adapter’s firmware and driver. This improves speed, reliability, and network compatibility.
Enable Data Saver
In Windows, toggle on Data Saver under Settings → Network & Internet → Cellular to limit background data usage and extend your plan.
Monitor Data Usage
Use Windows’ built‑in graphs or Lenovo’s own monitoring tools to avoid unexpectedly hitting data caps—even better if you switch frequently between Wi‑Fi and cellular.
Improve Signal Strength
Keep your wireless card away from thick metal surfaces or interference. Using an external antenna cable (if your Flex 5 supports it) can also boost reception in low‑signal areas.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Even though inserting a SIM card is straightforward, you may encounter some hiccups:

SIM Not Detected
Ensure it’s placed gold‑side down and fully seated. Remove, reseat, and restart your laptop. If still undetected, try the SIM in another device to verify it works.
Cellular Option Missing in Settings
It could be due to missing WWAN drivers. Open Device Manager, look under “Network adapters,” find your cellular module, and install updates via Lenovo’s driver portal or Windows Update.
Slow Speeds or Disconnections
Check your carrier’s coverage map. Even LTE‑capable hardware can underperform in fringe‑area conditions. Adjust APN settings or switch bands in Windows based on provider recommendations.
Roaming Problems
Enable “Allow roaming” under cellular options if you’re abroad. Remember, this could incur extra charges—check your roaming plan before leaving home.

eSIM vs Physical SIM: Which to Choose?

Some variants of the Lenovo Flex 5 support eSIM, allowing you to digitally activate cellular plans without a physical card. Here’s a quick comparison:

Physical SIM: Easy to swap between devices; works worldwide without needing to download profiles.
eSIM: Cleaner setup with no tray; ideal for frequent travelers who use carriers that support download‑to‑device provisioning.

Check your model’s specs and Windows Edition—if you see “eSIM” support, you might prefer activating with QR codes from a carrier portal instead of handling plastic.

Advanced Tips for Power Users

Use Cellular as a Hotspot
In Windows, under cellular settings, enable “Share my Internet connection with other devices” to turn your Flex 5 into a portable Wi‑Fi hotspot—a lifesaver for tablets or phones when you don’t have local Wi‑Fi.
Combine with VPN
For maximum security on public mobile networks, set up a VPN client like NordVPN or ExpressVPN before connecting. This encrypts your data, keeping your browsing safe.
Enable Battery Saver
Cellular connectivity uses power. Activate Battery Saver or lower screen brightness during long connectivity sessions to preserve battery life.

FAQs

1. What size SIM card does the Lenovo Flex 5 use?
Most models use a nano‑SIM, but some older WWAN modules require micro‑SIM. Always confirm your specific Lenovo Flex 5 configuration.

2. Can I hot‑swap the SIM while the laptop is on?
No. Removing or inserting the SIM while powered can corrupt the hardware detection. Always shut down before making adjustments.

3. Does the Flex 5 support eSIM?
Some SKUs come with eSIM capability. Check Lenovo’s official spec sheet or open “Settings → About” and review wireless specifications to verify.

4. How much data does LTE/5G consume?
Mobile data usage is tied to your activity: light browsing is low (under 1 GB/hour), streaming HD video is about 3–4 GB/hour, and zoom calls around 1 GB/hour. Use data‑saving tools if you’re on a limited plan.

5. Why is my cellular option missing in Windows?
Likely due to missing WWAN drivers. Install the latest drivers via Lenovo Vantage or Lenovo’s website, then restart your Flex 5.

6. Can I connect two SIMs simultaneously?
No. Each laptop supports only one SIM card at a time, whether physical or eSIM.

7. How to activate roaming safely?
Ensure “Allow roaming” is toggled on under cellular settings, and check with your carrier beforehand to avoid roaming fees.

Conclusion

Enabling cellular connectivity on your Lenovo Flex 5 is a game‑changer—whether for working on the move, traveling, or just having a reliable backup when Wi‑Fi falters. Inserting the SIM card properly, configuring drivers and APNs, and leveraging features like hotspot sharing or data saver gives you versatile, secure, and on‑demand internet access.

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